The Maritime Atlantic in the Age of Revolutions革命时代的大西洋海洋

by 作者

Mary Draper 玛丽 · 德雷珀

• LAST MODIFIED: 25 March 2020 最后修改日期: 2020年3月25日
• DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0334

Introduction

引言

Between the 1770s and the 1820s, revolutions erupted across the Atlantic world. In North and South America, colonists rebelled against their colonial governments. Old and new nations experienced political upheaval on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, the enslaved population of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) overthrew its masters, inspiring acts of resistance throughout the Caribbean and beyond. While these events were once studied separately, the field of Atlantic history has enabled historians to examine the connections among the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions. Yet, the maritime spaces that enabled these connections remained in the background of historical scholarship until recently. New scholarship foregrounds the ocean as a place of exploitation, political development, identity formation, and cross-cultural interaction. Diverse peoples—sailors, fishermen, enslaved Africans, refugees, and revolutionaries—traversed sea lanes during the Age of Revolutions. Some brought with them news of political developments, ideas about sovereignty, or revolutionary materials. Others sought freedom and new opportunities. They hoped to escape enslavement, find refuge from revolution, or envision a different political future. Still others saw the sea as a site of exploitation. There, Africans endured the Middle Passage, the Royal Navy impressed sailors, and fishermen harvested the ocean’s bounty. Indeed, the Age of Revolutions was inherently a maritime age. Given this diversity of maritime experience, this article complements many other Oxford Bibliographies in Atlantic History articles, including those that consider “The American Revolution,” “The French Revolution,” “The Haitian Revolution,” and “Latin American Independence.” It also draws extensively on scholarship that highlights networks, communications, and mobility, more of which can be found in “Communications in the Atlantic World,” “Merchants’ Networks,” “Smuggling,” and “Ships and Shipping.” While this bibliography highlights English-language scholarship, scholars will find relevant non-English-language scholarship in these linked bibliographies. As scholars continue to reconstruct the inter-imperial and transatlantic connections that residents forged across the Atlantic world, the ocean will become a key site for understanding the Age of Revolutions.

从18世纪70年代到19世纪20年代，大西洋世界爆发了革命。在北美和南美，殖民者开始反抗他们的殖民政府。大西洋两岸的新老国家都经历了政治动荡。与此同时，被奴役的圣多明戈人民(海地)推翻了他们的主人，激起了整个加勒比地区和其他地区的抵抗行动。虽然这些事件曾经被单独研究过，但是大西洋历史领域已经使得历史学家能够研究美国革命、法国革命、海地革命和拉丁美洲革命之间的联系。然而，使这些联系成为可能的海洋空间直到最近仍然处于历史学术的背景之下。新的学术前景海洋作为一个地方的开发，政治发展，身份的形成和跨文化的互动。革命时期，各种各样的民族——水手、渔民、被奴役的非洲人、难民和革命者——穿越了海上航线。有些人带来了关于政治发展、主权观念或革命材料的新闻。其他人则寻求自由和新的机会。他们希望逃离奴役，躲避革命，或者设想一个不同的政治未来。还有一些人认为海洋是一个开发的地方。在那里，非洲人忍受着中间通道的煎熬，皇家海军给水手们留下了深刻的印象，渔民们收获了大洋的丰饶。事实上，革命时代本质上是一个海洋时代。鉴于航海经验的多样性，本文补充了牛津大西洋历史书目中的许多其他文章，包括那些认为“美国革命”、“法国大革命”、“海地革命”和“拉丁美洲独立”的文章它还广泛地借鉴了关于网络、通信和移动性的学术成果，其中更多的成果可以在《大西洋世界的通信》、《商人网络》、《走私》和《船舶和航运》中找到虽然这份参考书目强调英语学术，学者们将在这些相关的参考书目中找到相关的非英语学术。随着学者们继续重建当地居民跨越大西洋建立起来的帝国间和跨大西洋的联系，海洋将成为理解革命时代的一个关键地点。

General Overviews

一般概览

These works inherently highlight the inter-imperial connections that characterized the Atlantic world in the Age of Revolutions. Only Linebaugh and Rediker 2000 and Polasky 2015 assert the importance of maritime travel. For a book-length comparative overview of the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions, see Klooster 2009. Other works are more limited in scope. Liss 1983 treats only the United States and Latin America. Paquette 2019 dedicates only one chapter to the Age of Revolutions. Armitage 2017 calls for future Atlantic histories to foreground maritime space.

这些作品内在地突出了革命时代大西洋世界的特点，帝国间的联系。只有 Linebaugh 和 Rediker 2000和 Polasky 2015声称海上旅行的重要性。有关美国革命、法国革命、海地革命和拉丁美洲革命的书籍长度比较概述，请参阅2009年克鲁斯特革命。其他作品的范围则更为有限。利斯1983年只对待美国和拉丁美洲。2019 Paquette 只用了一章来描述革命时代。2017年阿米蒂奇号召未来的大西洋历史进入前景海洋空间。

• Armitage, David. “The Atlantic Ocean.” In Oceanic Histories. Edited by David Armitage, Alison Bashford, and Sujit Sivasundaram, 85–110. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

  阿米蒂奇，大卫。“大西洋。”在海洋历史中。编辑: David Armitage，Alison Bashford，Sujit Sivasundaram，85-110。剑桥，英国: 剑桥大学出版社，2017年。

  In this recent essay, Armitage calls for recognizing the importance of the maritime to the existence of the Atlantic world. For him, the future of Atlantic history is that of oceanic history.

  在最近的这篇文章中，阿米蒂奇呼吁认识到海洋对于大西洋世界的存在的重要性。对他来说，大西洋历史的未来是海洋历史的未来。

• Klooster, Wim. Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History. New York: New York University Press, 2009.

  《大西洋世界的革命: 比较史学》 ，纽约: 纽约大学出版社，2009年。

  A broad comparative history of the Age of Revolutions that dedicates one chapter each to the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions. Though not overtly concerned with maritime space, the last chapter compares the four revolutions, emphasizing their parallels and connections across the Atlantic world.

  革命时代的一个广泛的比较史学，每个章节用于美国，法国，海地和拉丁美洲革命。最后一章虽然没有公开涉及海洋空间，但是比较了这四次革命，强调了它们在大西洋彼岸的相似之处和联系。

• Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many Headed-Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon, 2000.

  莱因博、彼得和马库斯 · 瑞迪克。多头蛇怪: 水手、奴隶、平民和大西洋革命的隐藏历史。波士顿: 灯塔，2000年。

  A “history from below” of the revolutionary Atlantic world that highlights how sailors and others responded to the rise of capitalism and its inherent violence. Resistance to capitalism transcended ethnic, racial, and national boundaries and enabled the creation of a multiethnic proletariat that shared a working-class consciousness.

  大西洋革命世界的“自下而上的历史”，强调了水手和其他人如何应对资本主义的崛起及其固有的暴力。对资本主义的反抗超越了民族、种族和国家的界限，并且使得一个具有工人阶级意识的多民族无产阶级的形成成为可能。

• Liss, Peggy K. Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713–1826. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.

  《大西洋帝国: 贸易与革命的网络，1713-1826》 ，巴尔的摩: 约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，1983。

  Classic study of inter-imperial trade and its importance to politics and revolution in the Atlantic world. Focuses on the United States and Latin America.

  帝国间贸易的经典研究及其对大西洋世界政治和革命的重要性。关注美国和拉丁美洲。

• Paquette, Gabriel. The European Seaborne Empires: From the Thirty Years’ War to the Age of Revolutions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.

  帕盖特，加布里埃尔。欧洲海上帝国: 从三十年战争到革命时代。纽黑文，康涅狄格州: 耶鲁大学出版社，2019年。

  DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvgc61x6

  Charts the evolution of the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch empires with one chapter covering the Age of Revolutions.

  图表演变的西班牙，葡萄牙，英语，法国和荷兰帝国的一个章节涵盖革命时代。

• Polasky, Janet. Revolutions without Borders: The Call to Liberty in the Atlantic World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.

  《无国界的革命: 大西洋世界对自由的呼唤》 ，纽黑文，康涅狄格州: 耶鲁大学出版社，2015年。

  Transnational history of the Age of Revolutions that shows how 18th-century travelers—or “itinerant revolutionaries”—spread information and new notions of liberty and equality. Recipients then transformed the meaning of “revolution” to fit local realities. The volume covers a geographically vast space and includes places like Sierra Leone, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.

  《革命时代的跨国历史》展示了18世纪的旅行者(或称“流动革命者”)如何传播信息和新的自由与平等观念。接受者随后改变了“革命”的含义，以适应当地的实际情况。体量覆盖了广阔的地理空间，包括像塞拉利昂、瓜德罗普和马提尼克这样的地方。